Làm trên điện thoại
|
THE FALKIRK WHEEL A unique engineering achievement 1 1The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift. 2Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious £84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals. 2 1The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal. 2Historically the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks – enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered – that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. 3This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. 4When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first- century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region. 3 1Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant seesaws to overhead monorails. 2The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. 3The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double-headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish. 4 1The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. 2A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. 3In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. 4The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. 5Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened. 5 1The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine. 2Two diametrically opposed water- filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. 3These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. 4This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. 5So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. 6This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180 o in five and half minutes while using very little power. 7It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel – roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water. 6 1Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. 2Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. 3The water between the gates is then pumped out. 4A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. 5In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate then central axle. 6The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. 7As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. 8Two eight- metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs – so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. 9When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin. 7 1The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. 2The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historicallv important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. 3Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.
Questions 14-19 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 14 The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth & Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history. 15 There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first. 16 The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured. 17 The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand. 18 The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried. 19 The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument
Questions 20-26 Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet. How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel
|
|
